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Federation and Australia's Constitution
Topic : Federation and Australia's Constitution
In this topic you will learn...
Chapter 1 :
Colonies and their governments
Autocratic governors with legislative, executive and judicial power ruled the early colonies
As the free settler population increased so did the demands for a more representative government
Early Members of Legislative Councils were appointed by the King
The Australian Courts Act 1828 (UK) provided that England's laws apply to the two existing colonies
The Australian Constitutions Act (No.2) 1850 (UK) granted the colonies the right to establish their own constitutions
Chapter 2 :
Reasons for Federation
The inadequate level of defence that the colonies could provide was a factor in Australia's Federation
Many supported Federation because they wanted to see immigration policies against non-whites strengthened
Some were in favour of Federation so that a uniform rail gauge could be established
Many people believed that an overarching government would establish free trade between the colonies
Even before the colonies were united, the public felt growing feelings of national pride
Chapter 3 :
Opposition to Federation
Rivalry between New South Wales and Victoria over trade protection and the nation's capital created doubt about Federation
New South Wales was concerned they may lose land and lose control of their railways
The smaller colonies feared that the larger colonies would dominate them
Western Australia was particularly concerned about their isolation from the eastern colonies
Many Queenslanders opposed Federation because it would restrict the importation of Pacific Islanders
The general public were apathetic towards Federation, more concerned with dealing with the 1890s Depression
Chapter 4 :
Steps to Federation: 1883-1901
In 1883, Sir Henry Parkes conceived the idea of creating a federal council
In 1885, the Federal Council was formed
Parkes' Tenterfield address in 1889 referred to the need to unite for the sake of Australia's defence
Throughout the 1890s, meetings and conferences were held to discuss the constitution
It took two rounds of referenda to secure a 'yes' vote for Federation in all participating colonies
The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK) was passed on 5 July 1900 and on 9 July 1900 received full royal assent
Western Australia's first referendum for Federation was in 1900 and achieved a majority of 'yes' votes
On 1 January 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia was inaugurated by the Governor- General and the Constitution came into effect
Chapter 5 :
The Constitution
The Constitution Bill was originally an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The only way to change the Constitution is through a referendum
The legislature branch formulates the law through both the upper and lower houses of parliament
The executive branch, headed by the Queen, is where the law is implemented
The judiciary arm is the legal branch of the Commonwealth
Chapter 6 :
Federal Parliament
The House of Representatives (Lower House) introduces, debates and votes on proposed legislation
The 150 Members are elected by preferential vote to represent an electoral division
The Senate (Upper House) gives equal representation to all States through proportional block voting
For a bill to be passed, both the Houses need to have approved it before it is made law
To change the constitution there needs to be the support of a majority of people in a majority of States
Chapter 7 :
Levels of government
There are three levels of government in Australia (federal, State and local)
The Constitution initially allocated 39 areas to the Commonwealth parliament
Local governments are not recognised by the Constitution and are the responsibility of their State/ Territory Government
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