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Year 9 NSW
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Australia and World War II
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War time experiences
Topic : War time experiences
In this topic you will learn...
Chapter 1 :
Troops: North Africa
Australian soldiers fought in North Africa in Allied campaigns in Libya and Tobruk
The Second AIF forces sent to North Africa and Europe consisted of the 6th, 7th, and 9th divisions
In Libya, the 6th division fought in Operation Compass against the Italians who were advancing across the North African deserts towards Egypt
The operation was successful as the much larger Italian army was pushed back along the coast by a smaller Allied force
The failing Italians were reinforced by their German allies led by General Ernst Rommel
The Germans advanced along the North African coast as the Allies retreated
Soldiers from the Australian 7th and 9th divisions held the Port of Tobruk for six months while the Germans besieged them
The Australians earned the nickname the 'Tobruk' as they were resilient and enduring
Chapter 2 :
Troops: Europe
Australian soldiers fought in Europe in Allied campaigns in Greece and Crete, Syria and the Battle of El Alamein
The Second AIF forces sent to Europe consisted of the 6th, 7th, and 9th Divisions
At the same time, Australian troops from the 6th and 7th Divisions participated in a campaign to defend Greece against a German invasion
The Allies were unable to stop the German advance down mainland Greece and retreated to Crete
The Germans pursued the Allied forces to Crete forcing the Allies to evacuate from Crete and abandon Greece to the Germans
Australian troops then fought a campaign in Syria against the Vichy French
Australian troops were used to spearhead the attack on German troops at the Battle of Alamein which lasted 12 days in October 1942
The Australians gained the reputation of being strong and enduring soldiers
Chapter 3 :
Air and naval war
The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) were not prepared for war when World War II was declared in September 1939
There was a shortage of trained personnel and planes and ships were outdated
The government received an enthusiastic response when it appealed for Australians to enlist in the RAN and RAAF
The Australian government then faced the problem of training the new RAN and RAAF personnel for battle
The RAN served in the Mediterranean, engaging Italian vessels and providing vital support for ground troops and supply lines
Upon the outbreak of the Pacific War, the RAN returned to Australia to participate in the Allied offensive against Japan
The RAN fought in battles such as the Battle of the Coral Sea and Guadalcanal, and bombed important Japanese targets and bases
The RAN sustained several serious losses during the war
RAAF personnel were sent to Britain and Canada to undertake training in the Empire Air Training Scheme
Australian air crews fought in Europe in the Battle of Britain and against the Germans and Italians in Tunisia, North Africa and over the Mediterranean
Chapter 4 :
The Pacific War
When America entered the War following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, she used Australia as a base to organise the Allied offensive against the Japanese
Operation Cartwheel was intended to neutralise Japanese strongholds by occupying surrounding areas with Allied troops
Australia's role in the Allied assault was centred on the defence of Port Moresby, the administrative capital of Papua
If the Japanese gained Port Moresby they would be able to use the city as a base for further attacks south and east
In the early months of 1942, the Japanese occupied the northern coast of Papua and made several attempts to occupy Port Moresby
The Japanese were eventually thwarted at the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942
The Japanese then changed their strategy, intending to seize Port Moresby by travelling overland via the Kokoda Trail
The Australians were ordered to hold the Trail and stop the Japanese advance
With the Japanese war effort waning, the Australians were diverted to activities in New Guinea, mainland Australia and, most significantly, Borneo
Although some historians believe that Australia's role in the last months of the War was insignificant, the Australians made an important contribution to the Allied offensive against the Japanese and saved countless lives through their efforts
Chapter 5 :
Kokoda
When America entered the War following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, she used Australia as a base and organised a co-ordinated Allied offensive against the Japanese
Operation Cartwheel was intended to render Japanese strongholds neutral by island hopping and occupying surrounding areas with Allied troops
Australia`s role in the Allied assault was centred on the defence of Port Moresby, the administrative capital of Papua
In the early months of 1942, the Japanese occupied the northern coast of Papua and made several attempts to occupy Port Moresby
The Japanese intended to seize Port Moresby by travelling overland via the Kokoda Trail
The Australians were ordered to hold the Trail and stop the Japanese advance
What followed were several months of hard fighting in incredibly difficult terrain, harsh weather conditions and dense rainforest
The Australians were able to slow the Japanese advance to Port Moresby and launch a counter-offensive and push them back to the north coast
Chapter 6 :
Nurses in the War
Australian nurses operated in the same theatres of war as Australian soldiers and often faced the same dangers and difficult living conditions
Upon the outbreak of war, Australian nurses rushed at the opportunity to serve overseas
The first contingent of nurses was sent to the Middle East in January 1940
Nurses were stationed in many makeshift hospitals in the Middle East and North Africa, including Gaza, Amiriya near Alexandria in Egypt, and the Suez Canal
When Commonwealth troops fought the Italians along the coast of North Africa, nurses worked from an underground bunker
The living and working conditions in which Australian nurses operated were often appalling and difficult
Nurses also served at Tobruk, however, when the town was besieged by the Germans, they were evacuated back to Egypt
Australian nurses also operated in Greece and were evacuated alongside the Australian and Commonwealth troops
In the Pacific, Australian nurses were stationed in Malaya and Singapore until the Japanese invaded in late 1941
Following the Japanese invasions, Australian nurses in Malaya were evacuated to Singapore and evacuations were attempted from Singapore to Australia
Chapter 7 :
Australian prisoners of war: Changi and the Burma-Thailand Railway
Over 30 000 Australians became prisoners of war (POWs) during World War II
The majority of prisoners were taken by the Japanese in the Pacific, the remaining by the Germans in Europe
Japanese treatment of prisoners was cruel - prisoners were starved, beaten and forced into manual labour in incredibly difficult conditions
Australian POWs interned in Changi Prison on Singapore had their food and freedoms restricted. POWs were able to set up an education system to break the mundane routine of prison life
Changi POWs were used for various projects and many were transported to other Japanese prison camps and construction projects around South-East Asia
Many Australian prisoners from Changi were moved to Thailand for work on the Burma-Thailand Railway
Work on the railway was difficult and the POWs were mistreated - starved, beaten, and forced to work regardless of illness or injury
POWs not only had to endure the treatment of their Japanese captors, but also the harsh climate, weather and tropical diseases
Chapter 8 :
Australian prisoners of war: Sandakan, Japan, female POWs and Europe
Over 30 000 Australians became prisoners of war (POWs) during World War II
The majority of prisoners were taken by the Japanese in the Pacific, the remaining by the Germans in Europe
Japanese treatment of prisoners was cruel - prisoners were starved, beaten, and forced to do manual labour in incredibly difficult conditions
POWs had not only to endure the treatment of their Japanese captors, but also the harsh climate, weather and tropical diseases
Australian women and nurses were also taken prisoner and endured much the same treatment and conditions as their male counterparts
Some Australian POWs were taken to Japan to work in factories. They returned to Australia upon the end of World War II
The Australian POW experience in Europe was not a brutal as in the Pacific but still left the internees with bitter memories and scars
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