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Australia in its regional context
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Challenges for Australia: population
Topic : Challenges for Australia: population
In this topic you will learn...
Chapter 1 :
Family size and the age of Australians
The size and composition of Australian families has undergone rapid change with implications for future economic and social policy
Fertility rates have declined, however the decline has slowed in recent years and is now relatively stable
Australia`s current low levels of fertility are linked to partnering, and hence childbirth, occurring at later ages than in the past
Fewer available reproductive years for Australian women have resulted in the increased risk of lifetime childlessness
Increased childlessness may reflect the increasing pursuit of freedom and autonomy, education pressures and the increased participation of women in Australia`s workforce
Chapter 2 :
Migration policy and the face of Australia
Recent migration policy has focused on targeting skilled and educated migrants from not just historic migrant-sources in Europe, but increasingly from non-European countries in the Asia-Pacific region
Migration policy also targets refugees and others who have faced serious human rights abuses.There has been a significant change in the overseas sources of migrants, with settlers arriving from more diverse regions of the world since the change in immigration policy in the late 1960s
Australia`s overseas born population consists of more than 140 ethnic groups. This change has prompted the replacement of the policy of immigrant assimilation with a policy of multiculturalism
Chapter 3 :
Where Australians live and will live
Australia has one of the world`s least dense national populations but it also has one of the most spatially concentrated
Trends in population settlement reflect a high level of development and concentration in Australia`s major cities and other urban areas
In contrast to the high levels of urbanisation of Australia`s population is the decrease in the number of Australians living in rural areas
The divergence occurring between the populations of both high-growth and of stable or declining areas has made population change in non-metropolitan Australia more diverse and less predictable in the long-term
Changes have occurred in the distribution of population between Australia`s States and Territories, with a population increase for QLD and WA
Chapter 4 :
Ecological sustainability
Changes have occurred in Australia`s social, political and economic way of life and subsequently its attitude towards the environment
Australia`s highly urban development and concentration along coastlines has emphasised the need to preserve its water, soil and vegetation resources
Australia`s current ecologically sustainable development (ESD) involves the conservation of its ecosystems for future generations while trying to meet its current economic needs
Australia`s government has sought to achieve sustainability through its National Strategy on Ecologically Sustainable Development (NSESD)
Australia is involved with international agreements and agencies such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and also the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development
Chapter 5 :
Urban planning and population movement
Urban growth has put pressure on Australia`s energy, air and water systems
The efficiency of roadways and public transport and the biodiversity of areas for human settlement have also been affected
Inequity in access to, and management of, Australia`s resources has further resulted in social, economic and environmental problems
The most serious issues to be addressed by Australia`s future urban planning include: social exclusion and environmental damage
All of these issues have led to fears of unsustainable patterns of development
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