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Issues in Australian environments
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Geographical issues: human elements
Topic : Geographical issues: human elements
In this topic you will learn...
Chapter 1 :
Waste management
Australians are the second largest producers of waste, behind residents of the USA
As we consume more and our urban centres expand outwards, our levels of waste rise
Reducing levels of waste in consumerist societies is a difficult task
Levels of per capita waste production are not declining despite more public awareness
A major waste disposal issue is the use of landfills, which are becoming scarce
Sewerage effluent and chemical runoff are forms of liquid waste which pollute waterways
Plastic waste pollutants in Australia's oceans pose a large threat to marine wildlife
Increasing energy consumption increases atmospheric waste, mainly greenhouse gases
Hazardous waste is dangerous to humans and the environment
Hazardous waste requires special handling when being disposed of
Chapter 2 :
Urban growth and decline
Australia has an extremely high level of urbanisation
As the population of a city increases, suburbs spread outwards producing urban sprawls
As cities expand to address housing needs, land is cleared and habitats destroyed
Ecological footprints determine the impact that humans have on the environment
An ecological city is one which is in a state of balance with nature
Australia has a very large human ecological footprint
Larger populations use more energy and place more pressure on natural resources
Urban growth leads to the emergence of poorly-serviced fringe suburbs
Urbanisation presents infrastructure challenges for local councils and governments
In highly urban areas access to infrastructure and services can become inequitable
Chapter 3 :
Spatial inequality: poverty and the income gap
The spatial approach involves comparing two different areas in relation to a variable
Population distribution and poverty are examples of spatial variables
Identifying spatial inequalities can help to increase the equity between populations
In Australia people are said to be living in 'relative poverty' not 'absolute poverty'
Australians living in poverty are those whose living standards are comparatively low
Key indicators of poverty are income, education and unemployment levels
Economic growth in developed countries often hides the fact that people live in poverty
Wealth is distributed very unevenly in Australia
Analysing a nation's overall wealth does not give an accurate picture of wealth
Certain demographic groups are more likely to have people living in poverty than others
Chapter 4 :
Population change
Population change refers to alterations in the human characteristics of a society
Australia is an ageing society, which is becoming increasingly multicultural
Population growth in important for economic growth and maintaining living standards
Population growth increases the human impact upon the physical environment
Changing demographic trends are ascertained by using national census data
The population is ageing because people are having fewer children and living longer
An ageing population reduces human capital, which can negatively affect the economy
Australia's ageing population will place increased pressure on infrastructure
A healthy ageing population can increase social capital
The distribution of Australia's migrant population plays a key role in government funding
Chapter 5 :
Tourism
Tourism is driven by people's desire to explore places of natural or cultural beauty
The values that attract tourists to a site are often compromised by the impact of visitors
Tourism is now one of Australia's most important national industries
Tourism generates much wealth and employment in Australia
Tourism alters settlement patterns by fuelling business and creating jobs in host sites
Tourism's impacts upon the physical environment can be both positive and negative
Human traffic in remote areas can disrupt ecosystems and destroy habitats
Tourism enables people to better understand the natural and cultural values of the world
The relationship between tourism and environmental conservation is mutually beneficial
Tourism needs to protect the values it promotes in order to survive as a viable industry
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